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Adam lay ybounden
"Adam lay ybounden", originally titled Adam lay i-bowndyn〔Thomas Wright, ''(Songs and carols from a manuscript in the British Museum of the fifteenth century )'', (London: T. Richards, 1856)〕 is a 15th-century macaronic English text of unknown authorship. The manuscript on which the poem is found, (Sloane 2593, ff.10v-11), is held by the British Library, who date the work to c.1400 and speculate that the lyrics may have belonged to a wandering minstrel; other poems included on same page in the manuscript include "I have a gentil cok", the famous lyric poem "I syng of a mayden" and two riddle songs - "A minstrel's begging song" and "I have a yong suster".〔(Medieval lyrics ) at the British Library Online, URL accessed December 31, 2009〕
The Victorian antiquarian Thomas Wright suggests that although there is consensus that the lyrics date from the reign of Henry V of England (1387–1422), the songs themselves may be rather earlier.〔Thomas Wright, ''Songs and carols printed from a manuscript in the Sloane collection in the British museum'' (London: W. Pickering, 1836), vi〕 Wright speculated that the lyrics originated in Warwickshire, and suggested that a number of the songs were intended for use in mystery plays.〔 However, more recent analysis of their dialect within the song tradition of East Anglia and more specifically Norfolk; two further carol MS from the county contain songs from Sloane 2593.〔Palti, K.R.; (2008) ''(‘Synge we now alle and sum’: three Fifteenth-Century collections of communal song: a study of British Library, Sloane MS 2593; Bodleian Library, MS Eng. poet. e.1; and St John’s College, Cambridge, MS S.54 )''. Doctoral thesis, UCL (University College London), 104〕
==Analysis==
''Adam lay ybounden'' relates the events of Genesis, Chapter 3. In medieval theology, Adam was supposed to have remained in bonds with the other patriarchs in the limbus patrum from the time of his death until the crucifixion of Christ (the "4000 winters").〔Thomas Wright, ''(Songs and carols from a manuscript in the British Museum of the fifteenth century )'', (London: T. Richards, 1856), p.109〕 The second verse narrates the Fall of Man following Adam's temptation by Eve and the serpent. John Speirs suggests that there is a tone of astonishment, almost incredulity in the phrase "and all was for an apple", noting "an apple, such as a boy might steal from an orchard, seems such a little thing to produce such overwhelming consequences. Yet so it must be because clerks say so. It is in their book (probably meaning the Vulgate itself)."〔John Speirs, ''Medieval English Poetry: The Non-Chaucerian Tradition'' (London: Faber & Faber, 1957), pp.65-66〕
The third verse suggests the subsequent redemption of man by the birth of Jesus Christ by Mary, who was to become the Queen of Heaven as a result,〔Sarah Jane Boss, ''Empress and handmaid: on nature and gender in the cult of the Virgin Mary'' (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000) ISBN 978-0-304-70781-2 p.114〕 and thus the song concludes on a positive note hinting at Thomas Aquinas' concept of the "felix culpa" (blessed fault).〔 Paul Morris suggests that the text's evocation of Genesis implies a "fall upwards.〔Paul Morris, ''A walk in the garden: biblical, iconographical and literary images of Eden'' (London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 1992) ISBN 978-1-85075-338-4, p.33〕 Speirs suggests that the lyric retells the story in a particularly human way: "The doctrine of the song is perfectly orthodox...but here is expressed very individually and humanly. The movement of the song reproduces very surely the movements of a human mind."〔
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